Історія створення полезахисних лісових смуг у навчальному господарстві «Докучаєвське»

Abstract

Наведено короткі відомості про початок захисного лісорозведення в Україні та основні результати діяльності експедиції В. В. Докучаєва 1892-1898 рр., про лісорозведення у другій половині ХХ ст. та історію створення системи захисних лісонасаджень на території сучасного аграрного навчально-виробничого господарства «Докучаєвське»

Приведены краткие сведения о начале защитного лесоразведения в Украине и основных результатах деятельности экспедиции В. В. Докучаева 1892-1898 гг., о лесоразведении во второй половине ХХ ст. и истории создания системы защитных лесонасаждений на территории аграрного учебно-производственного хозяйства «Докучаевское».

The purpose of this study is to depict the history and results of creation of field protective forest shelter belts on the territory of studying and production enterprise "Dokuchaivske" in the context of the history of protective forest creation in Ukraine. Methodology of creation is based on the historical principle and usage of age range of field protective forest shelter belts. For the first time for the age range of the field protective forest shelter belts the history and results of creation of 67-year-old shelter belts, which are the part of artificial agro-forest-ecology-system, which performs important ecology-meliarative and production functions and is valuable education and scientific object of Eastern Ukraine, are described. Based on historic literature the following facts are described: activity of famous pioneers in protective forestry, famous Steppe Forestry men, establishers of arboreal and tree-shadow type of mixing of tree species G. M. Vysotskyi and M. Y. Dahnov. Because of Dokuchayev expedition the system of measures to fight the drought was developed, protective forest shelter belts played the key role in it. Workers of forestry department of Kharkov Agricultural University named after V. V. Dokuchayev under the rule of head of department of Forest Species, professor I. O. Yahontov, scientists of Ukrainian Scientific and Research Institute of Forestry named after G. M. Vysotskyi S. S. Vysotskyi and V. I. Koptev produced the project of creation of protective, water flow regulating and pre ravine forest shelter belts at research household of the Institute. Successfully created in 1949-1952 shelter belts were studied in different aspects. Based on the growth of young 4-year nest shelter belts conclusion about low effectiveness of oak grows with cover crops was made. Study also showed that row and nest shelter belts had similar protective height but nest shelter belts needed more intense thinning and, therefore, had higher material and labor costs. It was proven that up to 10 years old thinning of nests did not improve the growth of better oaks, and in 10-15-year-old shelter belts nests with 5 oaks were growing better. Conclusion was made that key components of health of forest shelter belt was oak growth in height, but it is necessary to evaluate forest shelter belts based not on the height of oaks, but on the protective role of plantations. Authors claimed that dense 15-year old plantations had lower protective effectiveness, that protective influence lasts up to 20 heights. In the zone of 12-18 heights of 13-year old forest shelter belts additional yield of corn for silage was 27 q/ha and grain corn – 1.9 q/ha. Effectiveness of thinning at the age of 15-45 years was determined, the height of branch cutting in the in and out rows was established, the depth of root cutting (0.5-0.6 m) and distance of cutting of roots from the outer rows (1.7 m) was determined. The influence of shelter belts on preservation of snow and ground moisture at the fields, preservation of winter wheat from frosts and winds, on moisture and chemical composition of soils and on decrease of soil contamination with heavy metals was studied. In particular, it was proven that thinning of row shelter belts had little to no effect on the growth of oak in diameter and height, but in nest shelter belts after thinning diameter growth improved a bit. Improved method of protective height of row and nest shelter belts was proposed. Starting from 1987 soil moisture, total evaporation and water usage of alfa-alfa and growth and state of shelter belts were studied at the fields protected with forest plantations. It was proven that total usage of moisture by 43-year old oak shelter belt exceeded usage of moisture by grain crops in the protected field by 8 % and that thinning of 47 % of trees by storage doesn’t significantly influence on moisture capacity of the 1-meter-deep layer of soil in the forest shelter belt. Research of the 60-63-year-old row and nest forest shelter belts proved conclusions on the growth and state made earlier. Nowadays agro-forest-meliorative plantations on the territory of the former educational household of KAI named after V. V. Dokuchyeva became integral part of men-made agro-forest-ecosystem. Plantations carry out important ecologic and meliorative functions, are valuable educational and scientific object of Eastern Ukraine, and, therefore, require further complex research, protection and constant thinning.