Екологічна оцінка вмісту мікроелементів в ґрунтах на прикладі селянського (фермерського) господарства «Pосош»

Abstract

У процесі дослідження було обґрунтовано потребу ґрунтів господарства в мікроелементах, зокрема такими, як марганцем, молібденом, міддю і цинком; розкрито фізіологічні і біологічні потреби різних груп культур на вміст мікроелементів; з’ясовано, що в господарстві доцільно використовувати першу групу культур – культури невисокого виносу і з високою спроможністю до засвоювання мікроелементів (зернові колосові культури, кукурудза, зернобобові, картопля); на основі проведеної екологічної оцінки ґрунтів господарства запропоновано рекомендації господарству для підвищення врожайності сільськогосподарських культур шляхом внесення мінеральних та органічних добрив.

This research was motivated by the gap in knowledge on the content of microelements in soils of the farm “Rososh” (Chernigov oblast) and by decreasing trends in yields of crops for these soils during the last three years. Reviewing existing national and international literature in the field of applying microelements in agriculture, we have summarized the following aspects. During the vegetation period crops require the main microelements. Some of these microelements are, however, not reused by crops because these microelements are not moved from old organs to younger organs of the crops. Doses of the biologically available for crops microelements, applied regardless of the soil composition, do not influence the general content of the microelements in the soil, but improve the conditions of the crops. These conditions are important indicators of the improved and increased yields of the cultivated crops, for example, external signs of the stress in cultivated crops are absent. Depending on physiological and biological requirements of crops for microelements in soils, three categories of the crops are distinguished (DSTU 4362:2004). The first category is the crops with low removal rates of microelements from the soil, but with high capacity to assimilate these elements (e.g., cereals, maize, legumes, and potatoes). The second category is the crops with medium removal rates of microelements from the soil, but with high and medium capacity to assimilate these elements (e.g., root crops, vegetables, herbs, sunflowers, and fruits). The third category is the crops with high removal rates of microelements from the soil (e.g., all crops that have high doses of fertilizers and high yields). The research objective was, therefore, to measure and analyse the content of microelements in soils of “Rososh” farm. The content of microelements in the soils was measured using the atomic-absorbsion spectrophotometric method (DSTU 4770.1-9:2007). The results reveal the following four main findings. First, the soils are lacking for microelements such as manganic, molybdenum, copper and zinc. Second, the physiological and biological requirements of the crops grown at the farm are identified. Third, it was proved that the first group of crops (crops that do not require a lot of microelements) are better to use in the farm. These crops are, for example, potatoes, wheat and maize. Forth, an environmental assessment of the soils in the farm was conducted. Based on this assessment, the main recommendations to increase crop yields by using mineral and organic fertilizers on the farms are formulated. The scientific novelties of this research are (i) the environmental assessment in relation to the content of microelements was conducted at the first time in the farm, and (ii) the role of microelements in increasing crop yields in this farm was discussed. The practical novelties of this research are that the research results can be used for crop rotation and to increase crop yields in the farm.

В процессе исследования была обоснована потребность почв хозяйства в микроэлементах, в частности, такими как марганцем, молибденом, медью и цинком; раскрыты физиологические и биологические потребности различных групп культур на содержание микроэлементов; выяснено, что в хозяйстве целесообразно использовать первую группу культур – культуры невысокого выноса и с высокой способностью к усваивания микроэлементов (зерновые колосовые культуры, кукуруза, зернобобовые, картофель); на основе проведенной экологической оценки почв хозяйства предложены рекомендации хозяйству для повышения урожайности сельскохозяйственных культур путем внесения минеральных и органических удобрений.