Трансгресивна мінливість елементів продуктивності в гібридів ячменю ярого

Abstract

Деревянко И.А. Трансгрессивная изменчивость элементов продуктивности у гибридов ячменя ярового. В статье приведены результаты исследований трансгрессивной изменчивость в тех комбинациях, которые сохранили высокий, по сравнению с лучшей родительской формой, уровень гетерозиса в F2 по ценным признакам структуры урожая. Почти у всех изученных гибридов выявлены положительные трансгрессии по количеству зерен в главном колосе, количеству зерен с растения. У большинства исследованных гибридов, которые сохранили во втором поколении преимущества над лучшей родительской формой, трансгрессии выявили по трѐм- четырем элементам структуры урожая. Это дает основание рекомендовать их для дальнейшего использования в селекционных программах.

Derevianko І.О. Transgressive changeability of productivity elements of spring barley hybrids. During interbreeding of the parental forms in the subsequent hybrid generations, the phenotypes may occur, manifestation of signs in which goes beyond maximum appearance of them in both parent components. The cases of occurrence of such phenotypes in hybrid generations, including from the second generation, are called transgressive segregation. Getting positive transgressive forms of spring barley on a number of valuable features is a very important problem of breeding this crop. Transgressive variability increase is considered to be the most effective approach to work with selection material. It is proved, that the varieties of barley with different genetic nature are the most effective in hybridization, since they provide a greater yield of positive transgressions in segregated generations. The theory of transgression signs is not yet developed, there is no single explanation of the nature of this phenomenon and the unified idea of transgressive forms use in practice. The disappearance of heterosis in F2 is explained by existence of superdomination, and its preservation is non-beneficial interaction of the genes, which is the basis for emergence of the transgressive forms. Therefore, during the researches, special attention should be paid to inheritance of the most important signs of plants productivity in the second generation. We investigated the transgressive variability in those combinations that retained the highest level of heterosis in F2 in comparison with the best parental form according to the valuable signs of the yield structure. The purpose of the research is to determine the parameters of transgressive variability of the productivity elements in the hybrid populations of spring barley and to justify the use of this phenomenon in practical selection. In our researches, the possibility of creating highly adaptive, productive forms of barley on the basis of the hybrids, obtained with the participation of the samples of different origin, was studied. In 2010, the samples of spring barley were sown on the experimental field of Kharkiv National Agrarian University named after V.V. Dokuchayev to engage them in hybridization. For hybridization only the best plants that were not lagging in growth and were well developed were selected. The received F0 generation was sown in 2011, and F1 generation was planted manually in 2012 on the experimental field with the same depth, providing the plants with the same feeding area. After complete ripening, the plants were also collected by hand in little sheaves, structural analysis on the main performance indicators was carried out. The methods of transgression accounting foresee determination of such indicators: degree and frequency of transgressions. As a result of the research, the best hybrids were identified according to the frequency of added transgression. The degree of transgression in the number of grains in the main ear was on average 15.9%, and the weight of grain from the main ear was 20.9%. On the basis of the number of grains per plant, the degree of transgression in hybrids was on average 53.9%, in turn, the frequency of transgressions on the basis of weight of grain from the plant was 70.6%. The frequency of transgressions of the hybrids for the studied elements of the yield structure ranged from 10 to 100%.

Деревянко И.А. Трансгрессивная изменчивость элементов продуктивности у гибридов ячменя ярового. В статье приведены результаты исследований трансгрессивной изменчивость в тех комбинациях, которые сохранили высокий, по сравнению с лучшей родительской формой, уровень гетерозиса в F2 по ценным признакам структуры урожая. Почти у всех изученных гибридов выявлены положительные трансгрессии по количеству зерен в главном колосе, количеству зерен с растения. У большинства исследованных гибридов, которые сохранили во втором поколении преимущества над лучшей родительской формой, трансгрессии выявили по трѐм- четырем элементам структуры урожая. Это дает основание рекомендовать их для дальнейшего использования в селекционных программах.