Історія та методологія вивчення ґрунтів полонин Українських Карпат

Abstract

Проаналізовано історичні етапи вивчення ґрунтів Карпат, подано методологічний аспект, визначено актуальність, предмет та об’єкти досліджень методи та завдання: надано кількісну оцінку стану сільськогосподарських угідь. Згідно з проаналізованими літературними джерелами встановлено, що антропогенна діяльність на полонинах впливає на зміни ґрунтового покриву, та утворення вторинних рослинних формацій. Виявлено, що у структурі земель об’єкта дослідження переважаючими є сінокоси та пасовища

Проанализированы исторические этапы изучения почв Карпат, представлены методологический аспект, определены актуальность, предмет и объекты исследований методы и задачи, представлена количественная оценка состояния сельскохозяйственных угодий. Согласно проанализированных литературных источников установлено, что антропогенная деятельность на пастбищах влияет на изменения почвенного покрова, и образования вторичных растительных формации. Выявлено, что в структуре земель объекта исследования преобладающими являются сенокосы и пастбища.

The main directions of use of agricultural land in the conditions of the Ukrainian Carpathians are mainly represented by hayfield and pasture use. Grazing animals on pastures leads to landscape changes, which can include the trails of animal movement, livestock and the actual area of animal grazing. As a result, areas of varying degrees of disturbance are formed. Inappropriate, ecologically unreasonable use of mountain pastures leads to loss of their potential and decrease in the productivity of the cenosis. Human activity affects the formation of anthropogenically altered soils in these areas, which differ in their qualitative and quantitative indices from natural analogues. That is why the issue of mountain soil formation due to anthropogenic impact and increasing the potential of the mountain valleys is relevant. The period of ecological soil research lasts from the 90s of the twentieth century. for our time. During the last decades, the properties of the mountain meadow-brown soils of the Ukrainian Carpathians were studied in terms of their ecological role. Detailed soil and ecological studies were carried out by Y. Y. Bundziak, M. Z. Gamkalo, B. B. Stefanik, I. M. Shpakovskaya, S. Skyba, S. P. Poznyak, P. S. Voitkiv, P. M. Schuber et al. The biogeographical research of the vegetation of the Ukrainian Carpathians is devoted to the work of many scholars, in particular: G. V. Koziya (1963, 1968), K. Malinovsky (1998), S. M. Stoyka (1993, 2012), J. V. Tsarika 2007) and others. However, they had a purely botanical character and only touching on soil science. The first comprehensive works, which reflected the results of the interaction of the vegetation with the physical and chemical properties of the brown-soils of the Ukrainian Carpathians, are the works of I. M. Gogolev and P. S. Pasternak, V. I. Kanivts, F. P. Topol'nyj O. F. Geleveri etc. The historical stages of studying the soils of the Carpathians are analyzed, the methodological aspect is given, the relevance, subject and objects of research of the methods and tasks are determined, quantitative assessment of the condition of agricultural lands is given. According to the analyzed literary sources, it has been established that anthropogenic activity in the valleys influences changes in the soil cover, and the formation of secondary plant formations. It is revealed that in the structure of the land of the object of research the prevailing are hayfields and pastures, which are the most affected by the grazing of cattle and the change of the landscape as a whole