Якість молока коров’ячого сирого, що надходить на переробні підприємства Західного регіону України

Abstract

Виявлено, що при одержанні молока в особистих селянських господарствах та збору через пункти заготівлі, ветеринарно-санітарні вимоги не виконуються, технічне забезпечення пунктів незадовільне, до 44 % пунктів не забезпечені охолоджувачами молока. За даними Держкомстату України нині у особистих селянських господарствах України утримується близько 78 % усього поголів’я корів. Особисті селянські господарства виробляють і постачають на переробні підприємства від 60 до 70 % молока в країні. Колективні господарства реалізують на переробку 8,3 % партій молока екстра ґатунку, 61,8 % − вищого і першого, 14,5 % − другого ґатунку, а на частку негатункового припадає 15,4 % партій молока. Господарства, які запровадили сучасне обладнання і технологію доїння в доїльних залах із дотриманням санітарних вимог, отримують молоко, в основному, вищого ґатунку.

Milk is an unique foodstuff which can provide all necessary nutrients to healthy all age human’s body. There are not more that 10% of extra quality milk (EU quality) a processing enterprises received for last five years by farms (collective and private property forms), according to the statistical data the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine. Therefore, attract this problem of numerous researchers and become a point of issue at scientific conferences and seminars. There are more scientific works about quality and safety production of raw milk published in Ukraine, however a problem by manufacture of qualitative and safety raw milk, exactly sanitary and hygienic conditions maintenance in process of receiving, transporting and storing, have been remained constantly open and actual. According to scientific efforts, the milk equipment and dairy stocks are the main sources of microbial contamination and also the main reason for contamination about 95% primary raw milk during receive stage process. High level of raw milk bacterial contamination is a result of sanitary regulations infringement during receiving, primary processing, storing and transporting. High bacterial component in raw milk lead to quick increasing of Milk Acidity Titration Index, as a result of its vital activity, which for one’s turn reduced technological and nutritive value of raw milk and its producing products, also it will be contribute to reduce of all kinds milk products store. According our research, the veterinary and sanitary requirements are not fulfilled in the most private farms and milk collection points; technical support of the points is unsatisfactory; up to 44% of the points are not provided with milk coolers. Data the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine indicated that now, about 78% of the total cow’s number is kept in Ukrainian private farms. Private peasant farms produced and supplied to processing enterprises from 60 to 70% of milk in the country. Collective farms use for processing 8,3% of extra quality milk, 61,8% of highest and first quality, 14,5% of second grade quality, and 15,4% of the milk is allocated to the non-market share. Farms, that have introduced modern milking equipment and milking technology in milking halls complying with sanitary requirements, receive milk, of mostly a higher quality. We determined that 52,3% of milk quantity from the milk producers co-operatives was meet the requirements of the State Standard and Technological Specifications no. 3662-97; it was at 1,4 times (р ≤ 0,05) as much as milk quantity, which have been received by milk collection points with coolers and at 8,6 times (р ≤ 0,05) as much as milk quantity, which have been received by milk collection points without coolers. Main reason of milk quality decrease is a very high level of bacterial contamination.