Регулювання гумусового стану ґрунтів Одеської області

Abstract

Проведено порівняльний аналіз структури посівних площ Одеської області і балансу гумусу за 2003-2015 роки. Виявлено обернену пропорційну залежність дефіциту гумусу від частки посівів суцільної сівби у структурі посівних площ. З’ясовано, що у Степу південному за наявністю у структурі 72,4 % посівів культур суцільної сівби всі райони мали прибутковий баланс гумусу під посівами пшениці в розмірі 0,01-0,37 т/га. За 11 років (2003-2014) на фоні високої культури землеробства вміст гумусу у дослідному господарстві «Покровське» Біляївського району зріс у польових сівозмінах на 0,30-0,45 %, у ґрунтозахисних – на 0,44-0,59 %.

Проведенный анализ соотношения посевных площадей культур сплошного посева с балансом гумуса почв выявил обратно пропорциональную зависимость между ними. В южной Степи наличие в структуре 72,4 % культур сплошного посева позволило во всех районах зоны получить под посевами озимой пшеницы положительный баланс гумуса в размере 0,01-0,37 т/га. На фоне высокой культуры земледелия за 11 лет в опытном хозяйстве Одесского селекционно-генетического института «Покровское» Беляевского района содержание в почвах гумуса в полевых севооборотах повысилось на 0,30-0,45 %, а в почвозащитных на 0,44-0,59%.

The comparative analysis of the Odessa region crop fields was provided, so as the humus balance after the 2003-2015 yy. The reverse proportional dependence was detected for the humus deficit and the partial area of the continuous sowing crops in the whole structure. The aim of the research is to find out the ways of humus deficit decrease, in the soils of Odessa region, by the sowing area and crop rotations perfectioning, and by promoting the level of agriculture. The intervals in relation of continuous sowing crops to cultivated cultures during 2015 were: in the Forest- steppe zone 52.5:47.5%, Northern steppe – 67.8:32.2%, Southern steppe – 72.4:27.6%. While the part of continuous crops area decreased at Forest – steppe down to 52.5%, the humus deficit raised under the winter wheat-from 0.51 t/hect in the Kodymsky district, to 0.89 t/hect in Lubashyvsky district. In the Norther Steppe, the part of such areas conducted 67.8% in the three districts, so the positive humus balance was conditioned at the level of 0.11-0.27 t/hect under the wheat. In the Southern Steppe when 72.4% of continuous sowing crops areas were present, all the districts proved the positive humus balance under the wheat at the level of 0.01-0.37 t/hect. The area of continuous sowing crops in the total crops structure varied from 42 to 53.5 % during the 2003-2004 years, and from 61.7 to 81.5% during later 11 years of observation. Respectively, the humus deficit level varied from 0.32-0.54 t/hect for the high percentage of continuous sowing, to 0.73-0.80 t/hect with the low one. The bringing of straw and other side production was accompanied, by additional nitrogen bringing, only for 10% of areas mentioned above. The effect of using straw and other cultures stems will be much powerful if the every ton of them will be brought to soil together with the nitrogen source. The sowing areas structure at the seed-growing State Enterprise Research Farm "Pocketknives" of the Odessa plant Breeding and Genetics Institute conforms the requirements to the process of growing the high quality crop cultures seeds: bare fallows have 8-20%, grain and leguminous – 30-40%, forage cultures– 35-47%, including perennials 25-30%. The side production is brought to soil as an organic fertilizer, with 8-10kg of nitrogen per every ton, the rotting manure is periodically brought in the amount of 20-30 tons/hect. During 11 years (2003-2014) the humus content grew up by 0.30-045% in the crop cultures rotations, and in the soil-protecting rotations– by 0.44-0.59%. After the three years of using alfalfa, the humus content in the soil raised by 0.19% under the onobrychys–by 0.1%, thus confirming the principal role of perennials in the salvation problem of deficit-less humus balance in the soils of Odessa region.