Порівняльна характеристика структурного стану чорноземів типових різного використання Полтавської області

Abstract

Досліджено зміни структурного стану чорноземів типових за екологоощадних і сталих технологій землеробства, а саме – вплив різних систем удобрювання в агрочорноземах на формування структури порівняно з чорноземом природного фітоценозу. На оброблюваних землях інтенсивність протікання ґрунтових процесів посилюється і відбувається руйнування ґрунтової структури. Тому вміст агрономічно цінних агрегатів у агроценозах менший ніж на перелозі. Таким чином, під впливом екологоощадних технологій структурний стан ріллі значно покращується і стає більш сприятливий для вирощування польових культур.

Исследовано изменения структурного состояния черноземов типичных под воздействием экологосберегающих и традиционных технологий земледелия, а именно – влияние разных систем удабривания в агрочорноземах на формирование структуры в сравнении с черноземом естественного фитоценоза. На обрабатываемых землях интенсивность протекания почвенных процессов усиливается и происходит разрушение почвенной структуры. Поэтому содержание агрономически ценных агрегатов в агроценозе меньше, чем на перелоге. Таким образом, под воздействием экологосберегающих технологий структурное состояние пашни значительно улучшается и становится более благоприятным для выращивания полевых культур.

In the article the research changes in the structural condition of chernozems typical for environmental preserving and traditional farming technologies, namely the influence of different system fertilizer on the formation of structure chernozem in comparison with the black soil of natural phytocenosis. In the whole world there is strengthening of attention to providing of the proper state of ekosistems, fertility of soils, conduct of agriculture on the basis of maximal reutilization of all of offcuts of economies. A leading role is here taken organic agriculture, which combines in itself traditions, innovations and science with the purpose of improvement of environment, warning of degradation processes in soils, development and introduction of the systems of agriculture, safe for a natural environment, that in an aggregate stipulates actuality of researches of the structural state of soils. Purpose of researches – to learn the changes of the structural state of black earths typical after environmental preserving and permanent technologies of agriculture. Objects of researches are typical chernozem for traditional and environmental preserving technologies of agriculture (with the different systems of fertilization) of Shishackogo district of the Poltava area. The maximum content of agronomically valuable aggregates (0,25-1 mm) is characterized by the 0-20-cm layer of variant as an option natural phytocenosis that is associated with a high humus content and a significant saturation of the roots of the natural virgin vegetation. Plowing of virgin chernozems leads to an increase in the content of iarger aggregates soil and fine earth (<0,25 mm) and a decrease in the content of agronomically valuable aggregates - version control. This is especially true top of the soil profile, which is subject to the tillers. Fertilizer definitely improves the structural state agrochornozems but not equally. Organic fertilizers and sowing green manure crops closer investigated soil structural state of the soil to the natural phytocenosis. And the intensive use of fertilizers has less influence on the reconstruction of the structural state of typical chernozem. Plowing and agricultural use of chernozems typical is accompanied by a sharp decline in structuring factor, especially in the upper layers of the soil. Waterproof structure of chernozem is significantly different, and depends on agriculture technologies. Compared with the control in agrochernozes best performance waterproof structures are characterized by variants of the sidereal and organic fertilizer systems Chernozem with mineral fertilizer system has the lowest coefficient of water resistance of between all the studied variants. Тhe structure of a typical black soil under fallow has the greatest resistance to water, as a natural phytocoenosis. On arable land enhanced the intesity of ground processes and there is a destruction of soil structure. Therefore, the content of agronomically valuable aggregates in the arable land is less than under natural vegetation. Thus, the structural condition of arable land is significantly improved and becomes more favorable for the cultivation of field crops at environmental preserving the technologies.