Обгрунтування переходу до органічного землеробства у Вінницькій області

Abstract

Проаналізовано екологічний стан та пестицидне навантаження ґрунтів у Вінницькій області. Установлено, що збільшувалося внесення хімічних препаратів, особливо гербіцидів, на посівах зернових культур та цукрових буряків. Обґрунтовано перехід аграрного сектору Вінниччини до органічного землеробства.

Проанализировано экологическое состояние и пестицидную нагрузку на почву у Винницкой области. Установлено, что увеличивалось внесение химических препаратов, особенно гербицидов, на посевах зерновых культур и сахарной свеклы. Обоснован переход аграрного сектора в Винницкой области на органическое земледелие.

The environmental aspect of land use in Ukraine is associated with soil degradation, including as a result of their contamination by toxic chemicals - pesticides and components of mineral fertilizers. Wide introduction of modern intensive technologies of cultivation of agricultural crops to a considerable extent, causes growth of the pesticide load on the field, leads to an imbalance in anthropogenic ecosystems, and possible increase resistance to harmful organisms, increasing the risk of environmental pollution and harvest. Awareness of the need for harmonization of the processes of population growth and limited natural resources in the world led to the development of a new development strategy - the strategy for sustainable development. It is aimed at the reproduction of the gene pool of Nations, the preservation of the natural environment, reduction of the level of anthropogenic impact on the environment and harmonize the development of man and nature.Currently the basic principle of environmental management must be ecological-economic principle, which provides for maximum profit at minimal cost and negligible environmental impact. Analysis of pesticide load of soil for growing crops in Vinnytsia region has shown over the years a significant increase in the making of chemicals, especially herbicides. Analysis of pesticide pressure of soil when growing sugar beet in Vinnytsia region also showed over the years a significant increase of the use of chemical drugs. Area under sugar beet, in the diocese of Vinnytsia decrease with age, but the pesticide load these fields over the study period increased 5 times.The amount of pesticides that had been made in the cultivation of sugar beet 71.3 percent is a means of protecting cultivated plants from weeds, or 18.7%, from pests and 10.0% by disease. Traditional agriculture is characterized by high yields of agricultural crops, but this is achieved by reducing the soil fertility and environmental pollution. Therefore, the concept of the development of modern management on the ground should be organic farming, which guarantees the production of environmentally safe food and feed, as well as maintaining and increasing soil fertility. Organic farming uses natural capacity of plants and soils, and focus on the harmonization of agricultural production and the environment. It significantly reduces the use of external production factors, which is very important in conditions of acute economic crisis and dependence on foreign energy sources. Instead, organic farming uses for the formation of environmentally friendly products separate agrotechnological methods and a variety of natural factors. To go farming on an organic basis, it takes about 4-6 years. During thisperiod you need to adhere to certain conditions: - to provide an increased flow of organic matter - increase the proportion of perennial grasses in the crop pattern, ü layer-by-layer tillage with cultivator cultivators of the release of field of weeds, - stick to science-based crop rotations in the rotation, - to grow high-quality varieties, which are characterized by resistance to pests and diseases and competitiveness to weeds. The introduction of wydepilowane scientific obhruntuvla events will increase soil fertility, to optimize the structure of agricultural landscapes, to get organic food.