Причини низької ефективності хімізації землеробства в умовах чорноземної зони України

Abstract

Започатковано спробу аналізу причин низької ефективності хімізації землеробства, запропоновано шляхи її підвищення. Низька родючість чорноземних ґрунтів України зумовлена віковою відсталістю нашого землеробства. Проте питання агрофізики ґрунту в нас поки що не набуло належної уваги не лише у землеробській практиці, а й у розробці заходів, спрямованих на усунення даної проблеми.

Предпринята попытка анализа причин низкой эффективности химизации земледелия, предложены пути ее повышения. Низкое плодородие черноземных грунтов Украины обусловлено вековой отсталостью нашего земледелия. Тем не менее, вопрос агрофизики почв у нас пока не приобрел надлежащего внимания не только в земледельческой практике, а и в разработке мероприятий, направленных на устранение данной проблемы.

The analysis of the soils fertility of Ukraine puts the line of questions which demand immediate decision. The technological and agrochemical lagging escorted and escorts our agricultural branch even in the years of the increased chemicalization. In 1970-1980 years of the last century our agricultural service in the system of the fertilization took into consideration only 3 chemical elements-nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, then as our near neighbours took into consideration mass the balance in the soil of calcium, magnesium and silphur. But agrochemists of Holland realize the system of the fertilization taking into consideration the requirements of 17 elements of the nourishment. We take into consideration the necessity only in nitrogen but other countries of Europe detalize its forms: ammoniac, amide, nitrogenic that increasesits efficiency toagreat extense. Many agricultural measures were carried out with the inculcation of the demands of the agricultural engineering. In the agricultural mechanical engineering of the former USSR the materials of high quality weren’t used, that’s why the constructors had to increase the reserve of the strength of the machines counting the increase of its mass. The technological and agrochemical lagging escorted our agricultural branch during many years. During the chemical melioration, of the sour soils we use carbonate of calcium but hydroxide of calcium is used in the west, its dissolubility in water is 2 or 3 times higher and it interacts with the soilactually, but the chalk-stone is deliguated a little in the first 2 years – from carried in tons of the meliorant on the hectare interacts really with the soil not more 300-500 kg, but the rest is recreated completely in the insoluble form. The comparison of the successes in the branch of the agricultural mechanical engineering allows to make the optimistic prediction in the plan of the improvement. The arrivals of the heavy engineering in the fields which are carried into practice to 10-15 in a year, led to the considerable sealing of the soils. Before the arrival of the heavy engineering in the field at beginning of 1960 years of the last sentury the solidity of leaving of the ancient-arable soil was in the boundariesor even less than on the virgin soil. Nowadays the opposed process is occurred: the considerable sealing of the soil to the depth ot 50 centimetres is noticed. The progressing sealing of the soils testifies worsening of many processes and properties from the agricultural point of view and in the first turn its physical parameters. The phenomena can destroy the efficiency of the chemicalization onsiderably. During the chemical melioration of the sour soil the points of view of the domestic specialists are differ from the suggested and inculcated in the west.In such away the low efficiency of the chemicalization of the agriculture in the country is caused by the ancient lagging of our agriculture which exists nowadays and it is shown first of in the impertect use of the mineral fattens, chemical and water melioration of the soils and other factors. The use the heavy engineering caused the sealing of the soils, its results aren’t realized in the full measure and continue worsening. With the aim of changing the sitiation better it is necessary to make apains taking analysis of the monitoring information immediately which is operated by, the existing administrative branches of « The Institutes of the Soils Protection of Ukraine and improve the list of the indexed of the monitoring controle not only agricultural but agrophysical direction. Besides during programming and inculcationg of the systems of the fattens of the agriculrural crops it is necessary to take into consideration the necessity of the plants more widely not only in the macro, but also in the mezzo and microelements and perfect and immediate researse is also required. A special direction of the research of the factors of the low efficiency is proveal and inculcated in the scientific works of the optimization of the water-air conditions of the soils