Исследование содержания тяжелых металлов в породных отвалах угольных шахт Донбасса и оценка их пригодности для произрастания растений

Abstract

Рассмотрено состояние изученности проблемы загрязнения почвы тяжелыми металлами в районе деятельности угледобывающих предприятий на основе анализа научно-исследовательских работ и патентной документации. Приведены результаты экспериментальных исследований содержания тяжелых металлов в породных отвалах Донецко-Макеевского угольного района. Изучено воздействие загрязнения почвы тяжелыми металлами на некоторые физиологические и биохимические процессы сельскохозяйственных растениях на примере гороха.

Розглянуто стан дослідження проблеми забруднення ґрунту важкими металами в районі діяльності вугледобувних підприємств на основі аналізу науково-дослідницьких робіт та патентної документації. Наведено результати експерементальних досліджень умісту важких металів у породних відвалах Донецько-Макіївського вугільного району.Вивчено вплив забруднення ґрунту важкими металами на деякі фізіологічні та біохімічні процеси в сільськогосподарських растеніях на прикладі гороху.

The article considers the state of knowledge on the problem of soil pollution by heavy metals in the area of coal mines operation on the basis of the analysis of research papers and patent documents. General econtamination of existing heaps (termination of mustard gas oxidation and related emissions of gaseous substances, the manifestations of radioactivity and heavy metal migration due to water and wind erosion) are possible by biological reclamation of herbaceous and woody plants. Therefore, the task of assessing the suitability of the breeding ground coal mines for landscaping is very important. To this end, we performed a spectral analysis of soil samples of rocks from the blade w/y number 5 West. Waste dump refers to the Donetsk-Makeevska coal areas with storage of rock medium of carbon. Toxicants, which are the part of the soil sample pedigree includes heavy metals. The classic definition of toxic heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb), a part of the blade, was carried out by the method proposed by M.F. Smirnov. The toxicity according to MPC was conducted on the basis of reference values. Initially used for calculating the toxicity index (Ki) by the formula: Ki = PDKi | (S + Cb) i, where i = PDKi - MPC toxicant, which is in the soil waste; S- factor that shows toxicant solubility in water; Cb- content of fluorine in the total weight of the waste; i – ordinal toxicant number. After calculating Ki for 1-3 lead components that have minimum values K1 <K2 <K3, subjected to the condition 2K> K3, was determined the total index toxicity. The analizis of pea seeds state according to Wellington provides insight character damage under the influence of pollution. These seeds were considered abnormal if one or more of the major structures (root, shoot apex, cotyledons, ginokomy, epikotel) failed to develop properly because of the prior fetus damage. The results showed that the embryo pea seeds damage grown in contaminated soils, is connected with the fact that cadmium, copper, lead, are the result of the primary root underdevelopment and secondary roots or to their underdevelopment, epikotel or epikotel without apical bud, and cadmium also leads to the decay of cotyledons and the attachment point to the axis of the seed cotyledon