Життєздатність гібридного насіння картоплі та втрати матеріалу під час вирощування сіянців першого року

Abstract

Подгаєцький А.А., Крючко Л.В., Гнітецький М.О. Життєздатність гібридного насіння картоплі та втрати матеріалу під час вирощування сіянців першого року. У результаті виконання експерименту виявлена низька енергія проростання, лабораторна схожість насіння у поодиноких комбінаціях міжвидового і міжсортового походження. Водночас у більшості прояв показників був високим – до 100 %. Установлені значні відмінності між популяціями, їх блоками за втратами рослин на кожному з етапів одержання сіянців першого року: за вирощування рослин у посівних ящиках, парнику, польових умовах. У цілому близько половини рослин комбінацій у блоках з материнськими формами сортами Верді та Подолія випало під час вирощування в посівних ящиках. Позитивний ефект – втрати виявились у два рази меншими, отриманий у комбінаціях, де запилювачем використаний сорт Подолія. Аналогічне спостерігалось в процесі вирощування рослин у парнику, проте не підтвердилось під час росту і розвитку рослин у полі.

A.A. Podhaietskyi, L.V. Kruichko, M.O. Hnitetskyi. The viability of hybrid potato seeds and material loss during first-year seedlings. The subject of the study was the energy of germination of hybrid seeds from interspecific and long-range crossbreeding and its laboratory similarity, as well as the loss of material at each of the stages of cultivation of seedlings of the first year. The purpose of the work is to determine the influence of components of cross-species hybrids and varieties on the energy of seed germination, laboratory germination and loss of material at the stages of cultivation of seedlings of the first year. The experiment was performed in laboratory conditions, special constructions and field of Sumy National Agrarian University. The technique commonly used in potato breeding for breeding and genetic studies is used. A significant difference was found between combinations with the same pollinator or maternal form by seed germination energy. In some populations, no seeds were germinated in four days, in some others the proportion of germinated seeds was less than 50 %, but in most it exceeded 80 %, and in the combination 08.195 / 73 x Tiras was 100 %. Something else concerned the laboratory similarity of the seeds. On the ninth day only in the combination of Verdi x Stream the proportion of germinated seeds was low – 6,9 %. The difference between combinations in terms of metric was also smaller. Almost no effect on the manifestation of the indicator pollinators from the block combinations with the mother form back cross 08.195 / 73, in which the difference in terms of laboratory seed similarity was 4,9 %. However, in the other population block, where Podolyanka was the pollinator, the population difference was 16,6 %. The difference between the combinations, their blocks on the loss of plants in the process of growing seedlings of the first year. In a block of five combinations using the Verdi variety, on average, about 50 % of the seedlings fell in the seed boxes, although the difference between the populations was 70,3 %. In the other block, involving the maternal form of the Podolia variety, the losses also exceeded 50%, but the difference in the manifestation of the indicator between the combinations was only 13,2 %. The opposite was found in a block of three populations in which Podolia was used by a pollinator. The average value of the indicator was 29,8 %, and the difference in its manifestation – 26,8 %. With rare exceptions compared to the mentioned stage, smaller plant losses were observed during their cultivation in the greenhouse. In blocks of combinations with Verdi and Podolia varieties (maternal form), the mean value, respectively, was 17,0 and 10,2 % of the number of seeds planted for germination. It was also relatively low in the block of combinations with the Podolia pollinator – 12,9 %, but the difference in the manifestation of the indicator was 38,5 %, which indicates a significant influence of maternal forms on the loss of the material under study. High ability of hybrids to engraftment after field transplantation was revealed. On average, in the block of populations with Verdi variety, for 14 days, 4,6 % of plants were lost from the number of seeds planted for germination and 16,0 % compared to those planted in the field. In the block of combinations with Podolia variety, as the maternal form, it was respectively 4,6 and 16,5 %. Close data were obtained by using the Podolia variety with a pollinator. In general, more seedlings fell in the process of growing in the field than in the process of rooting, although in some combinations fell to 19,3 % of plants.