Вплив погодних умов періоду росту і розвитку плодів яблуні (Malus Domestica Borkh.) на їх лежкість

Abstract

Вінцковська Ю.Ю. Вплив погодних умов періоду росту і розвитку плодів яблуні (Malus Domestica Borkh.) на їх лежкість. Наведено результати досліджень впливу погодних умов на збереження товарних показників якості плодів яблуні. Вивчали плоди яблуні сортів Алєся, Імант і Ремо. Установлено, що погода впливає на щільність і природні втрати маси плодів, при цьому поліпщуючи або, навпаки, погіршуючи якість і тривалість їх зберігання. Велика кількість опадів перед збиранням урожаю у 2013 р. погіршила щільність і спричинила розвиток фізіологічного в’янення в яблук сорту Алєся. Посушливий період 2015 р. сприяв високому виходу товарних плодів після зберігання в сорту Ремо. Істотний вплив погодних умов на якість плодів сорту Імант не спостерігали.

Y.Y. Vintskovska. Influence of the weather conditions period of growth and development on the apple (Malus domestica borkh.) fruits storeability. In recent years, the productivity of the apple farm orchard decreased in agricultural enterprises. This is caused, first of all, with economic problems, and partly with extreme weather conditions [1]. The problem of the global climate warming, which emerged especially clearly as early as in the 70-s, of the previous century concerns to Ukraine as well where as our climatologists state, new climate formed over the past 40-45 years – winters became less cold with little snow, and summers hotter [2]. Studying the dependence of the process of the formation of the apple fruits qualitative indices on the weather factors in a concrete region is not only of theoretical but also of practical importance because it enables to predict impartially not only the mass of the crop, but also the taste and marketable signs of apples, duration of their consumption period, suitability for different types of technical processing and can be the basis for the computer modeling of the products quality prediction and their storage period [3]. Therefore, on the ground of the above presented material there appeared need for more detailed study of the weather impact on the quality of apple fruits storeability. The purpose of our research is to establish the weather factors influence on the preservation of the high quality of the apples grown in the Right Bank of the Ukraine’s Lisosteppe. The work was conducted in the laboratory of the postharvest treatment of fruits of the Institute of Horticulture (NAAS) during 2013-2015. The orchard had been established in 2002 on the rootstock 54-118 without watering. The fruits of the cultivars Alyesya, Imant and Remo were studied. The weather had appeared to effect the density and loss of the fruit natural mass, improving or, on the contrary, worsening of their quality and duration of storage. A large amount of precipitations before harvesting (145 mm) in 2013 decreased the output of the ‘Alyesya’ marketable fruits. In that year the apples of the mentioned cultivar had the largest total loss mass, as well as ‘Remo’ - 3.0 and 3.2% respectively, this indicator of ‘Alyesya’ exceeding the norm in December and November. The excessive precipitation sum before harvesting this variety apples in the September of 2013 effected their tissues. That's why they had flaccid pulp and displayed inclination to wilt and to affection with diseases during the storage period. A large precipitation amount during the growth and development of the cultivar Remo impacted negatively the output of its marketable fruits in 2014. For ‘Imant’ that with hydro-thermical coefficient (HTC) 1.45 appeared optimum. However, a significant difference concerning the precipitation sum as compared to the long-term index that and the next years effected poorly the yield of marketable apples of this variety. The ‘Remo’ and ‘Alyesya’ fruits grown in 2015 with HTC 0.35 had less total mass loss during the entire period of the storage, as compared to the other years. The apple density was 5.7 - 13 kg / cm2 during the picking maturity, 5.1 – 10.6 kg / cm2 during the table ripeness depending on the weather conditions and cultivars. The correlation coefficient was high.

Ю.Ю. Винцковская. Влияние погодных условий периода роста и развития плодов яблони (Malus domestica borkh.) на их лежкость. Приведены результаты исследований влияния погодных условий на сохранение товарных показателей качества плодов яблони. Изучали плоды яблони сортов Алеся, Имант и Ремо. Установлено, что погода влияет на плотность и естественную убыль массы плодов, при этом улучшая или, наоборот, ухудшая качество и продолжительность их хранения. Большое количество осадков перед сбором урожая в 2013 г. ухудшило плотность и вызвало развитие физиологического увядания у яблок сорта Алеся. Засушливый период 2015 г. способствовал высокому выходу товарных плодов после хранения у сорта Ремо. Существенного влияния погодных условий на качество плодов сорта Имант не наблюдалось.