Вплив хімічного та фізичного мутагенів на господарсько цінні ознаки М1 соняшнику

Abstract

V.O. Vasko. Influence of chemical and physical mutagens on valuable economic traits in sunflower M1. The method of experimental mutagenesis is a powerful factor in changes of biological objects. Breeding practice proves that experimental mutagenesis is a promising method to create new lines and varieties. Study Subject. Influence of physical mutagen Co60 and chemical mutagen dimethyl sulfate (DMS) on valuable economic traits in sunflower M1 lines. Purpose and Objectives. The study purpose was to evaluate effects of mutagens on sunflower lines, to create starting material and, on its basis, new more productive sunflower lines and hybrids that meet the requirements of current agricultural production. Accordingly, the following objectives were set: • To determine physiological effects of super-mutagens, depending on type, dose, concentration, and treatment method; • To explore variability of the calathidium diameter, height and number of leaves. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the improvement and enhancement of the efficiency of experimental mutagenesis to create original material for breeding and involves the development of theoretical and methodological issues. Material and Methods. Twelve self-pollinated sunflower lines bred at the Plant Production Institute nd. a V.Ya. Yuryev of NAAS were pre-treated with chemical mutagen DMS (0.01% and 0.05%). Twelve self-pollinated lines were previously irradiated by physical mutagen Co60 (120 Gy and 150 Gy). These lines served as starting material. Dry untreated seeds were used as the control. During the vegetation period after emergence of sprouts to flowering, morphological abnormalities were counted and isolated in all the variants, including control, in M1 crops. In M2, variability of their breeding characteristics will be studied; frequency and spectrum of chlorophyll and morphological mutations will be determined. Plants with altered breeding-valuable and morphological traits will be selected for further study in M3 and M4; constancy of mutations will be tested. The most valuable mutants will be used in crosses; the best of them will be transferred to preliminary variety trials. The field experiments, phenological observations and measurements were conducted by the method of the state crop variety trials. The study of the influence of mutagenic agents showed that: - Chemical mutagen DMS, in comparison with physical mutagen Co60, exerted a softer effect on plants and stimulated positive alterations of all valuable economic features. Physical mutagen, in many cases, caused of depression of plants in terms of the height, calathidium diameter and number of leaves; - There were no significant differences in the impact of various doses of physical mutagen and various concentrations of chemical mutagen on sunflower lines; - Sunflower lines varied greatly by valuable economic characteristics (height and calathidium diameter), depending on the type of mutagen, which was attributed to the specific effect on plants; - Variability was observed, in a greater or lesser degree, in all the 12 self-pollinated sunflower lines.

В.А. Васько. Влияние химического и физического мутагенов на хозяйственно ценные признаки М1 подсолнечника. Одним из методов создания исходного материала является экспериментальный му- тагенез. Приведены данные по исследованию влияния физического и химического мутагенов на проявление хозяйственно ценных признаков у мутантных форм под- солнечника. Применение этого метода увеличивает изменчивость морфобиологиче- ских признаков у растений и позволяет индуцировать мутации с новыми признака- ми и свойствами, ранее неизвестные истории селекции и, следовательно, способст- вует ускорению селекционного процесса. Использование ценного исходного мате- риала, полученного методами экспериментального мутагенеза в сочетании с тради- ционными селекционными методами, позволило в последние десятилетия создать немало практически ценных форм подсолнечника.

Васько В.О. Вплив хімічного та фізичного мутагенів на господарсько цінні ознаки м1 соняшнику. Наведено дані з дослідження впливу фізичного та хімічного мутагенів на прояв господарсько цінних ознак у мутантних форм соняшнику. Застосування цьо- го методу збільшує мінливість морфобіологічних ознак у рослин і дозволяє індуку- вати мутації з новими ознаками і властивостями, раніше не відомі в історії селекції, а отже прискорює селекційний процес. Використання цінного вихідного матеріалу, отриманого методами експери- ментального мутагенезу у поєднанні з традиційними селекційними методами, до- зволило в останні десятиліття створити цінні форми соняшнику.