Тенденції розвитку світової аквакультури гідробіонтів рослинного походження

Abstract

Розглянуто динаміку змін світової аквакультури гідробіонтів рослинного походження. Визначено основні види водних організмів та водоростей, що вирощуються. Охарактеризовано програми підтримки національних виробників. Наведено дані щодо перспектив розвитку аквакультури країн АСЕАН та Європейського Союзу.

The current state of aquatic biological resources is described alongside with the fundamental document providing Conduct for Responsible Fisheries in the world. Statistics for the recent years, changes in the global aquaculture production of algae and aquatic plants are analyzed. Established in 2012, the aquaculture production equivalent to live weight reached its historic height and currently provides about half of all aquatic organisms for human nutrition. The authors show that aquaculture production of aquatic plants takes into account both macroalgae (seaweed) grown in marine or brackish water and microalgae grown in seawater, brackish or fresh water. It is outlined that output if microalgae Spirulina spp. negligible is compared to other types of crops. It is found that algae species of Spirulina spp. and Haematococcus pluvialis, which are used in pharmaceutical, food, food additives, feed, and bio-fuels do not appear in the statistics. The authors outline that as of 2012, the world volume of aquatic plant grown in aquaculture is almost 22 times the volume of the catch of wild algae and aquatic plants. The leaders among the share farmed in aquaculture algae and aquatic plants are China and Indonesia. Production of algae in seaweed aquaculture in China during the period from 2000 to 2012 almost doubled. The increase is due to breeding new highyielding varieties of brown algae. The rapid growth of algae aquaculture in Indonesia due to the observance of "Blue Growth" policy, the presence of shallow marine areas are well illuminated by the sun. Such cultures as Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma spp. can be grown in this country. It is established that in addition to Asia, growth of aquaculture production of algae is evident in East Africa and the Solomon Islands in the Pacific Ocean. There the exported products are grown. It is determined that countries like India, Timor-Leste, the United Republic of Tanzania, Madagascar, Fiji, Kiribati and Mozambique have great potential to produce seaweed aquaculture. In FAO statistics on aquaculture accounting for all farmed algae, it is established that there are 7 separate groups: Kappaphycus alvarezii & Eucheuma spp., Japanese kelp (Laminaria japonica), Gracilaria spp., Wakame (Undaria pinnatifida), purple alga Porphyra spp. and other algae and microalgae. Significant is the production growth of algae Eucheuma (Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma spp.), which is grown in tropical and subtropical marine waters due to their use of carrageenan. It is determined that Gracilaria algae grows in the largest scale in China and is used as food for abalone and sea cucumber. Saudi Arabia is characterized as a country that has a significant production capacity for the growth of new varieties of seaweed. The analysis demonstrates that Estonia has significant reserves of algae, but they should develop. The authors established that microalgae is an alternative raw material for biofuel production. The programs for the support of domestic producers aquaculture algae and aquatic plants are designed. The data on aquaculture production prospects of AСEAN and the European Union are presented.